Ce weekend débute la Foire de Paris au Parc des Expositions de la Porte de Versailles. Mais si elle se déroule depuis près d’un siècle dans cet endroit, la Foire a voyagé en d’autres lieux auparavant.
LE BUT DE LA FOIRE DE PARIS : MONTRER LA SUPÉRIORITÉ FRANÇAISE ?
La Foire de Paris est inaugurée pour la première fois le 17 mars 1904. Elle résulte de la volonté de la Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Paris et de plusieurs organisations professionnelles qui ont ainsi créé, en 1903, le Comité des Expositions de Paris.
Si nous nous replaçons dans le contexte européen de l’époque, c’est l’âge d’or des expositions universelles, des découvertes scientifiques et techniques en tout genre. Et c’est surtout le moment de compétitions ardentes entre le Royaume-Uni, l’Allemagne et la France afin de savoir quel pays sera le plus innovant. Le tout agrémenté de tensions constantes et ascendantes dans le vieux continent. C’est donc sans surprise que, face au succès de la Foire de Leipzig en Allemagne, la France, un peu jalouse, a voulu tenter sa chance avec la Foire de Paris.
Et ça n’a pas raté, elle rencontre très vite un succès important. Si important, qu’en 1917, alors que la guerre fait rage, la Foire de Paris a pu avoir lieu !
LE CARREAU DU TEMPLE ET SON PASSÉ MARCHAND
L’histoire de la Foire de Paris débute au Carreau du Temple, un lieu symbolique et qui n’a pas été choisi au hasard.
L’enclos du temple était, depuis le XIIème siècle, constitué de terres appartenant d’abord à l’Ordre des Templiers puis à d’autres ordres religieux. Ce rattachement à l’Église a permis à ce lieu d’avoir des privilèges et ainsi de devenir un endroit propice au commerce. La Rotonde du Temple fut créée en 1788 et regroupait de nombreuses boutiques. Puis, la ville de Paris fera construire un marché couvert près de la Rotonde composé de quatre halles. C’est alors que l’on peut délimiter le Carreau du Temple entre ces deux bâtiments où s’y organisait la vente de vêtements d’occasions. En bref, c’était l’espace marchand principal de Paris !
Dans les années 1860, le carreau évolue sous l’impulsion de Napoléon III et du préfet Haussmann et grâce à l’architecte Jules de Mérindol. Il devient alors un véritable bâtiment, plus sécurisé. Alors que le nombre de marchands décline et que la démolition est envisagée, il est désigné en 1904 comme le premier lieu à accueillir la Foire de Paris.
À l’intérieur du Carreau du Temple en 1934
LA FOIRE ET LE CARREAU : DEUX TRAJECTOIRES DIFFÉRENTES
La foire rencontre un franc succès, et ce faisant elle a besoin d’espace… beaucoup d’espace. Après le carreau du Temple, elle va aussi occuper d’autres lieux emblématiques de Paris comme le Grand Palais ou encore le Champ de Mars et les Invalides en 1921 pour trouver sa place finale en 1924 dans le Parc des Expositions de Paris.
Si depuis une trentaine d’année la fréquentation de cette foire emblématique de la capitale est en baisse constante, le concours Lépine, introduit en 1929, est mondialement reconnu et l’importance de cette foire pour les professionnels demeure.
Tandis que le carreau du temple, lui, subsiste et se réinvente. Alors qu’il fut démoli, et revendu, la destruction totale et définitive n’a jamais pu avoir lieu grâce à la population locale qui parvient, en 1982, à faire inscrire le bâtiment à l’Inventaire des Monuments Historiques. De 2007 à 2014, sous l’impulsion de la mairie de Paris, Jean-François Milou est désigné afin de restaurer entièrement le bâtiment qui est désormais un lieu de réunions culturelles et sportives au programme riche et innovant.
Carreau du Temple après l’intervention du studio Milou Architecture, Fernando Javier, Février 2014
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