La Liberté Éclairant le Monde, de son vrai nom, est l’œuvre d’Auguste Bartholdi, sculpteur français du XIXe. Symbolique à bien des égards, elle est devenue incontournable pour quiconque met le pied sur la côte Est américaine. Pourtant, il n’y a peut-être pas plus parisienne que cette statue !
PETITE HISTOIRE DE LA STATUE DE LA LIBERTÉ
Revenons d’abord sur l’origine du projet. Nous sommes en 1865, période d’instabilité politique en Europe et en France, la liberté est contée, chantée, et désirée partout sur le vieux continent. Aux Etats-Unis, ce jeune pays, elle est déjà bien présente depuis leur déclaration d’indépendance du 4 juillet 1776. C’est donc sans surprise que lorsque Edouard de Laboulaye, historien et politicien français américanophile, rencontre Auguste Bartholdi, le projet d’une statue pour célébrer ce pays voit le jour. Mais cette grande dame et son flambeau étaient déjà destinés à un autre pays : l’Egypte. Bartholdi désirait en effet, ériger cette statue, identique à quelques détails près, sur le canal de Suez avec l’idée de « la Liberté Éclairant l’Orient ». Faute de moyens, ce projet ne verra jamais le jour. Cela nous amène directement vers l’influence principale de la statue : Le Colosse de Rhodes. Nous avons ainsi une étrange ressemblance avec les représentations du Dieu Hélios (dieu du soleil toujours représenté avec des rayons de soleil au-dessus de la tête tout comme la statue de la liberté) mais aussi avec le mémorial du poète italien Niccolini.
Le Colosse de Rhodes de Salvador Dali, 1953
Voici une photo de la Liberté Éclairant le Monde. Elle lève avec son bras droit une torche souvent vue comme une allégorie de la vérité et du savoir. Elle tient avec son bras gauche une tablette sur laquelle il est inscrit la date de l’indépendance américaine. Sa tête est vêtue d’une couronne à 7 pics qui représentent traditionnellement les rayons du soleil mais qui peuvent aussi être interprétés selon la vision de Bartholdi comme les 7 continent, mers et océans vus à cette époque. Un détail, pourtant très important, est celui de la chaine brisée de l’esclavage qu’elle porte au pied.
Toutefois, la forme de la statue telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui ne se précisa qu’au début des années 1870 lors d’un voyage de l’artiste aux Etats-Unis. C’est alors qu’il décide de l’emplacement sur la baie de New-York afin que tous ceux qui rentrent et qui sortent du pays puissent voir son œuvre. C’est aussi le moment où il rencontre celui qui sera l’architecte du socle, tout aussi majestueux, Morris Hunt. Mais le projet ne séduit pas les américains, considéré comme inutile. Sans jamais perdre espoir, Bartholdi a continué les campagnes de dons tout en mettant en route la construction de 1875 à 1884 à Paris.
Le procédé utilisé est tout aussi impressionnant que la statue en elle-même puisqu’elle est en cuivre repoussé : plus de 300 plaques de cuivre martelées jusqu’à ce qu’elles prennent la forme du modèle fait au préalable. Un modèle d’abord fait de plâtre, puis de bois. C’est ensuite toute une charpente en fer qui est constituée afin de maintenir la grande dame face aux intempéries et aux vents forts de la côte new-yorkaise. Et ce n’est autre que Gustave Eiffel qui a pensé et aidé à la construction de cette charpente !
Assemblée, la statue est grande, très grande. Elle mesure 46,05 m de haut et son socle 46.94 m. Mais c’est à Paris qu’elle fut assemblée pour la première fois ! Et oui, la belle demoiselle n’est pas arrivée en un seul morceau aux Etats-Unis. Ce n’est ainsi que le 28 octobre 1886 qu’elle est inaugurée après avoir été reconstruite et placée sur l’île pour ne plus y bouger.
UNE STATUE TRÈS PARISIENNE !
Vous l’aurez compris, si elle est aujourd’hui un monument incontournable pour tous les touristes à New-York, Miss Liberty est avant tout française et parisienne ! Et cela se ressent aussi dans la présence de la statue partout dans la capitale. Nous avons officiellement 5 statues et une flamme de la liberté dont une étant l’agrandissement du plâtre qui a servi à faire la grande demoiselle de 46m de haut.
C’est bien entendu celle sur l’île au Cygne, réplique parisienne la plus connue. Avant même que sa grande sœur arrive aux Etats-Unis, le comité des américains de Paris ont décidé de lancer la construction d’une réplique en remerciement. Celle-ci, d’abord en plâtre, fut inaugurée en 1885 sur la place des Etats-Unis.
La Tour Eiffel n’était pas la seule star de l’exposition universelle de 1889 puisque c’est le moment où la statue définitive en bronze est inaugurée, le 4 juillet 1889 sur l’île au Cygne. Jusqu’à l’exposition universelle de 1937, elle sera tournée du côté de l’Élysée et de la Tour Eiffel, pour finalement être placée en direction des Etats-Unis et de sa grande sœur, comme le souhaitait Bartholdi dès l’inauguration.
La Liberté Éclairant le Monde encore tournée vers l’Élysée et la Tour Eiffel
La statue a su finalement séduire puisqu’en 1900, l’Etat français achète une nouvelle réplique fondée sur le modèle en plâtre 1/16ème de la grande statue. Cette réplique demeura dans le jardin du Luxembourg de 1906 à 2012. Pour des raisons de dégradation, vous pouvez désormais l’admirer dans la nef du musée d’Orsay et une copie la remplace dans le jardin.
Deux autres sont aussi présentes dans le musée d’Arts et Métiers ainsi que des maquettes. Parmi elles, une est d’ailleurs considérée non pas comme une réplique mais comme l’originale de la statue de la liberté. En effet, l’œuvre située à l’intérieur du musée est celle qui aurait été faite en première par Bartholdi pour en faire un autre modèle 4 fois plus grand qui à son tour permettra de faire un autre modèle encore 4 fois plus grand pour créer la statue finale.
Une dernière réplique, et pas des moindre, est celle de la flamme de la statue de New-York reproduite à échelle et placée sur la place de l’Alma. Elle fut érigée en 1987 par la souscription de l’International Herald Tribune (aujourd’hui International New-York Times) à l’occasion du centenaire de la première statue. Et non, ce n’est pas un mémorial pour Lady Di…
En bonus, nous pouvons aussi évoquer la minuscule réplique existante et complètement fondue dans la sculpture de bronze de César « Le Centaure » inaugurée en octobre 1985 et se trouvant sur la place Michel Debré dans le 6ème arrondissement.
Bref, la capitale se plait à rappeler que la statue de la liberté est avant tout… parisienne !
DES RÉPLIQUES PAR MILLIERS
À plus grande échelle, la France se débrouille bien car c’est plus d’une trentaine de Libertés qui sont présentes de parts et d’autres de l’hexagone. Comme à Soulac-sur-Mer par exemple…
C’est tout de même les Etats-Unis qui l’emportent avec plus de 170 statues comptabilisées dans tout le pays. Certaines de ces répliques sont plus ou moins fidèles… Mais toutes cherchent à représenter la grande dame. On peut même trouver quelques statues en Chine, au Vietnam, en Inde, aux Philippines, au Pays-Bas, en Slovaquie, au Pérou… bref si elle n’a pas plu à ses débuts, la demoiselle fait désormais l’unanimité !Une statue est aussi présente sur l’île d’Odaiba à Tokyo. Depuis son inauguration, la statue de l’île aux cygnes n’avait pas quitté la Capitale. Mais de 1998 à 1999, à l’occasion de l’année de la France au Japon, elle y est envoyée. Ce voyage a permis la création de cette nouvelle réplique très fidèle !
Alors, vous voyez… Quand on vous dit qu’il y a tout à Paris !
O.F.
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